Lewis's Topographical Dictionary
1837 - 'Carlow Seal'
CARLOW, an incorporated borough,
market, and post-town, and a parish, in the barony and county of CARLOW,
and province of LEINSTER, 18 1/4 miles (N. E.) from Kilkenny, and 39 1/4
(S. W. by S.) from Dublin; containing 9597 inhabitants, of which number,
9114 are in the borough. This town, called, till within a comparatively
recent period, Catherlough, or Catherlagh, is supposed to have derived
that name, signifying in the Irish language " the city on the lake,"
from its proximity to a large sheet of water which formerly existed
here. The erection of the castle has been variously attributed to Eva,
daughter of Dermot Mac Murrough; to Isabel, daughter of Strongbow, and
to King John; but with more probability to Hugh de Lacy, about the year
1180. In the reign of Edw. II., the castle belonged to the crown, and
was made the head-quarters of the seneschalship of the counties of
Carlow and Kildare, instituted on account of the disturbed state of
those districts.
About the year 1361, Lionel, Duke of Clarence,
established the exchequer of the kingdom at this place, and expended
£500 in fortifying the town with walls, of which at present there is not
a vestige. James Fitzgerald, brother of the Earl of Kildare, seized the
castle in 1494; but it was soon afterwards invested by the lord-deputy,
Sir Edward Poynings, to whom, after a siege of ten days, it was
surrendered. In 1534 it was taken by Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, during his
insurrection; and in 1577 the town was assaulted by Rory Oge O'More.
Jas. I. granted the manor to Donogh, Earl of Thomond, whom he also made
constable of the castle. In 1641, the whole county was overrun by the
insurgents, and the castle of Carlow was invested by a strong party and
reduced to great extremity; a number of Protestants had taken refuge
within its walls, and the garrison was about to surrender, when it was
relieved by a detachment of the Earl of Ormonde's forces under the
command of Sir Patrick Wemys.
On his approach the insurgents raised the
siege, and, after burning the town, took flight, but 50 of them were
killed in the pursuit. This place was constantly exposed to the assaults
of the insurgents; and the castle, after sustaining a siege for nearly a
month, ultimately surrendered in May, 1647. It was, in 1650, closely
invested by Ireton and the republican army; and after a severe cannonade
which greatly injured the castle, the garrison surrendered on conditions
to Sir Hardress Waller, whom Ireton had left to conduct the siege. After
the battle of the Boyne, in 1690, Wm. III. led his army southward
through this town; and during the disturbances of 1798, it was assaulted
by the insurgents on the morning of the 25th of May. The garrison,
consisting partly of regular troops and partly of yeomanry, amounting in
the whole to 450, repulsed the assailants, though 2000 in number, with
the loss of 600 of their men, on which occasion they were obliged to
burn several of the houses, in order to compel the insurgents to abandon
them.
The town is pleasantly and advantageously situated on the eastern
bank of the river Barrow, over which is a bridge of four arches
connecting it with the extensive suburban village of Graigue, in Queen's
county: it is surrounded by a rich agricultural district, and sheltered
by some ranges of hills well cultivated to their summits. It is of
considerable extent, and contains more than fourteen good streets, of
which the two principal, intersecting each other at right angles and
continued through its whole length and breadth, divide the town into
four nearly equal portions, which are again divided and subdivided by
smaller streets into 42 portions; it is rapidly increasing in all
directions, and a new street, chiefly for private residence, is now in
progress, which, when completed, will be one of its greatest ornaments.
Though a place of such high antiquity, it has an air of modern neatness:
the streets are paved and kept in repair by county presentments, the two
principal by the county at large, and the others by the barony in which
the town is situated; and the inhabitants are supplied with water from
public pumps. On the south side of the town is a stream called the
Burren, which flows into the Barrow; and on a rising ground above its
influx are the stately remains of the ancient castle, towering to the
height of 60 feet above the roofs of the houses. There are two
subscription reading-rooms; and to the south-east of the town are
cavalry barracks for 8 officers and 112 non-commissioned officers and
privates, with stabling for 90 horses, and an hospital for 20 patients.
From its advantageous situation on the Barrow, affording a facility of
communication with the ports of Ross, Waterford, and Dublin, the town
has become the principal mart for the agricultural produce of the
well-cultivated districts around it, and carries on an extensive trade
in corn and butter; the latter is of a very superior quality, and meets
with a ready sale in the London market.
The trade down the river has,
within the last 14 years, greatly increased, while that upwards has
diminished, in consequence of the heavy tolls demanded on the canal
conveyance to the metropolis. The quantity of corn and flour sent hence
to Waterford and other ports for exportation has, within that period,
advanced from 2000 to 15,000 quarters; and the quantity of butter
weighed in the market and in private stores is at present not less than
35,000 firkins. The river Barrow is navigable from Athy, where the Grand
Canal from Dublin joins it, and thence to its confluence with the river Suir below Waterford; boats consequently pass from this place to Dublin,
Ross, and Waterford; there is a lock on the river, and good quays have
been constructed for the accommodation of vessels employed in the trade.
This is the head-quarters of the southern district of the revenue
police, and there are sub-stations at Newtownbarry, Freshford, and
Gore's-bridge: there is also a chief constabulary police station in the
town. The market-days are Monday and Thursday; and fairs are held on May
4th, June 22nd, Aug. 26th, and Nov. 8th. The revenue of the post-office,
according to the latest return to Parliament, amounted to £1395. 1. 6.
The earliest charter on record relating to the borough is that of Wm.
Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, granted about the close of the 13th century.
It created an open community of burgesses endowed with considerable
privileges, including a guild mercatory and other guilds, with exemption
from tolls and customs throughout the earl's whole lands, except the
towns of Pembroke and Wexford; it also mentions a hundred court as being
then in existence in the town, and ordained that it should be held only
once in the week. Jas. I., in 1613, granted a charter of incorporation,
conferring, among other privileges, a right to return two members to
Parliament; and the present governing charter was obtained on petition
from Chas. II., in 1674. Jas. II. granted a charter founded on a seizure
of the franchises by a decree of the exchequer, which being declared
void, it soon became inoperative.
Under the charter of Chas. II. the
corporation is styled "The Sovereign, Free Burgesses, and Commonalty of
the Borough of Catherlagh; " and consists of a sovereign, twelve free
burgesses, and a commonalty, assisted by a town-clerk, two serjeants-at-mace,
a weighmaster of butter, and a bellman. The sovereign is annually
elected by the sovereign for the time being and a majority of the
burgesses from their own body, on the 24th of June, and enters upon his
office on the 29th of September: he is ex officio a justice of the peace
for the borough and the county, and clerk of the market, and with the
approbation of the burgesses may appoint one of them to be his deputy.
The burgesses are elected from the freemen by a majority of the
sovereign and burgesses; the town-clerk and serjeants-at-mace are chosen
by the sovereign and burgesses, and the weighmaster of butter is
appointed by the sovereign. The freemen are elected by the sovereign and
burgesses. The borough returned two members to the Irish parliament till
the Union, since which period it has sent only one to the Imperial
parliament. The right of election, previously confined to the sovereign
and burgesses, was, by the act of the 2nd of Wm IV., for amending the
representation, extended to the resident freemen and £10 householders,
of whom, including the suburb of Graigue, which has been comprised
within the new electoral boundary (of which the limits are minutely
described in the Appendix), the number is 383, of which 380 are
householders, and three freemen resident within seven miles; the
sovereign is the returning officer.
By the charter the corporation had
power to hold a court of record for pleas to the amount of five marks;
but they at present exercise no jurisdiction whatever, either civil or
criminal. The assizes, and also the quarter sessions for the county, are
held here; and petty sessions are held every Thursday before the
sovereign and county magistrates. The manor court has jurisdiction to
the amount of £10 late currency over the entire town and an extensive
rural district; it had fallen into disuse prior to 1833, when the lord
of the manor, B. Hamilton, Esq., appointed a seneschal, and the court
was revived, but few cases have been since determined in it. The
court-house, a newly erected building at the junction of the
Castledermot and Athy roads, near the entrance of the town, is a
handsome octagonal edifice with a fine Doric portico, in imitation of
the Acropolis at Athens, resting upon a platform to which is an ascent
by a broad flight of steps; the whole is of hewn granite of chaste
design and execution, and forms a striking ornament to the town.
Near it
is the county gaol, well adapted for the classification and employment
of prisoners, who are engaged in useful labour and are taught trades, to
qualify them on their discharge for a life of useful industry; the
female prisoners are carefully instructed and employed under a duly
qualified matron; a school has been established, and the sick are
carefully attended by the medical officer; but the hospital is not yet
sufficiently prepared for the reception of patients. There is a
tread-wheel, which is worked for raising water to supply the gaol.
The parish comprises 1955 statute acres, of which about 648 are
plantations, a few acres bog, and the remainder good arable and pasture
land. The surrounding scenery is pleasingly varied and in many parts
beautifully picturesque; and there are several handsome seats in the
parish. Oak Park, formerly called Paynes-town, and now the residence of
Col. Bruen, is a handsome spacious building, consisting of a centre and
two wings, situated to the north of the town in a fine demesne
embellished with stately groves of full-grown oak.
To the east of it are
Browne Hill, the seat of W. Browne, Esq.; and Viewmount House, formerly
the seat of Sir E. Crosbie, Bart., and now the residence of R. C.
Browne, Esq., pleasantly situated and commanding a beautiful prospect of
the neighbouring country. On the opposite side of the river, below the
town, is Clogrennan, the seat of J. S. Rochford, Esq., beautifully
situated in a highly improved demesne. The living is a rectory, in the
diocese of Leighlin, and in the patronage of the Crown for two
presentations, and of the Bishop for one: the tithes amount to £400. The
church is a modern structure, with a beautiful spire terminating at an
elevation of 195 feet, having a massive gilt cross presented by the
ladies of Carlow: the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted
£488. 4. 10. for its repair. Near the river, to the north of the town,
is an ancient burial-ground, called "The Graves, " said to have been
granted to the parish by the Earl of Thomond. There is no glebe-house;
the glebe comprises 3 1/2 acres.
The R. C. parish is co-extensive with
that of the Established Church, and is the benefice of the Bishop of
Kildare and Leighlin. The R. C. cathedral is an elegant cruciform
structure, in the later English style, with a lofty tower at the
southern extremity of the transept, surmounted by a lantern of beautiful
design terminating at a height of 151 feet from the base: it occupies
the site of the old chapel, and is a rich ornament to the town. At the
foot of the altar are interred the remains of the Rt. Rev. Dr. James
Doyle, late bishop, distinguished by his letters under the signature of
J. K. L., and his important evidence before both houses of parliament.
He entered the college of Carlow, as professor of rhetoric, in 1809, and
was soon afterwards appointed professor of theology; in 1819 he was
raised to the R. C. see of Kildare and Leighlin, and died of a lingering
decline on the 10th of June, 1834. Braganza House, the residence of the
R. C. bishop, is situated in the immediate vicinity of the town. There
are places of worship for Presbyterians, the Society of Friends, and
Wesleyan Methodists.
The R. C. college of St. Patrick, for the education of youth and of
the R. C. clergy, was founded by the late Rev. Dr. Keefe, and opened in
the year 1795 under the direction of the late Dean Staunton: the system
of education comprises the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, French, and
English languages, sacred and profane history, rhetoric, geography,
arithmetic and the mathematics, to which are added natural and moral
philosophy, humanity, and theology, under the superintendence of
professors and assistants, who are members of the house and are
resident. The building, which consists of a spacious centre connected
with two wings by corridors, is situated in a park comprising an area of
34 acres, nearly in the centre of the town, and enclosed with high walls
and well planted, affording ample opportunities of healthful recreation
and undisturbed retirement.
The institution is under the direction of a
president, vice-president, and prefect of the lay college, dean of the
ecclesiastical college, and other officers: the fees are £31. 10. per
annum for lay, and £25 for ecclesiastical students. Connected with it is
a neat chapel, with a burial-ground attached. The Diocesan school of
Leighlin and Ossory is supported by a grant of £120 per annum from the
Diocesan fund, and is open also to boarders paying £31. 10., and to day
scholars paying £6. 6. A parochial school is aided by an annual donation
of £10 from the rector; and there are two national schools and an
infants' school. In these are about 370 boys and 485 girls; and there
are several private schools, in which are about 500 boys and 258 girls.
The district lunatic asylum for the counties of Carlow, Kilkenny,
Wexford, and Kildare, and the county of the city of Kilkenny, is
situated in this town, and was built in 1831, at an expense, including
the cost of erection and purchase of land and furniture, of £22,552. 10.
4.: it is under excellent regulation, is calculated to accommodate 104
lunatics, and attached to it are 15 1/4 acres of land; the number of
inmates in the summer of 1836 was 99.
The county infirmary is supported
by grand jury presentments and local subscriptions, aided by a
parliamentary grant; a fever hospital, opened for the reception of
patients in 1829, is supported by grand jury presentments alone; a
dispensary is maintained in the usual way, and a Magdalene asylum is
supported wholly by subscriptions.
The remains of the old castle consist
only of one side of the quadrangle, at each end of which is one of the
massive round towers that flanked its angles; the remainder having been
undermined in an injudicious attempt to convert it into a private
lunatic asylum, fell down in 1814; the length of the side from tower to
tower is 105 feet. The walls are of very great thickness, and shew that
it must have been a fortress of much strength; and from the loftiness of
its elevation and the commanding position which it occupies, it has a
striking appearance of majestic grandeur.
Near Oak Park was a small
Franciscan friary, founded by the Cooke family, formerly proprietors of
that estate. Browne Hill and Viewmount both occupy the site of an
ancient religious establishment, called St. Kieran's abbey; and in the
vicinity are the remains of a cromlech, of which the table stone is 23
feet in length, 19 in breadth, and at the upper end nearly 4 1/2 feet
thick; it is supported at. the east end on three upright stones, 15 feet
8 inches high, and at a distance is another upright stone standing by
itself. Carlow gives the inferior title of Viscount to the family of
Dawson, Earls of Portarlington.
(Thanks
to Terry Curran for providing this material)
Carlow 1837 Part 3
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